-
-
Pregnancy control

SHEDULE OF PRENATAL VISITS

Throughout your pregnancy you will have regular check-ups to make sure that your baby are progressing well.

6 WEEKS : SEE YOUR DOCTOR

He’s unlikely to do any tests, but will kick-start your pre-natal care. He should discuss the type of care available. What’s on offer depends on where you live, and whether you wish to pay for private care.

8-12 WEEKS : initial appointment

At your first appointment with your assigned carrier (also known as your booking appointment), you will be asked for the date of your last period, in order to estimate a due date for your baby, and a detailed medical history will be taken. Several tests will be carried out.

SUBSEQENT APPOINTMENTS

After this initial appointment, you will be seen roughly every four weeks until 28 weeks. After that you will have an appointment every two weeks until 36 weeks, when you will be seen every week until the birth. As well as checking the growth of your baby, these appointments are a good opportunity to ask questions that arise during your pregnancy.

PRE-NATAL CLASSES

Pre-natal (antenatal) classes help prepare you for the birth, give advice on caring for a baby, and introduce you to other women at the same stage of pregnancy. They will also help your birth partner to feel confident about his role: some courses even include fathers-only sessions. Classes usually start about ten weeks before your baby is due. They may be run by your hospital, midwives, health visitors and centers or your doctor. Ask your doctor or midwife for details of what’s on offer in your area.

Book well in advance, as classes tend to get booked up quickly. For more information tel: 011 / 397 44 84, papicgin@EUnet.yu,  www.papic-klinika.co.yu

Guide trough pregnancy is created as handbook with most important information about conception, pregnancy, psychophysical preparation and exercises for pregnant women, or women whose attend to become pregnant. It contains basic knowledge about everything related with pregnancy.

Main purpose is health care and education attended to pregnant women, women who attend to become pregnant in order to increase offspring and healthy newborns.

·      Exceptional chapters contain review how to get pregnant and best way how to confirm pregnancy.

·      Review is showed chronologically, week by week trough pregnancy, since beginning to delivery. Review has appropriate, additional advices.

·      It evaluates conditions and signs in pregnancy as distinct chapters with suggestions about behavior and acting in that condition.

·      Manner and nutrition in pregnancy are showed as distinctive part of that project.

·      Delivery is reviewed trough preparation techniques with postures in every labor stage, with useful advices.  

DVD/VHS editions show for the first time unique and effective exercise method attended to pregnant women created by gynecology and obstetrics specialist.  All with purpose to maintain health and best psychophysical condition to make their self prepared for birth and either to stay in good condition even after delivery.

Author of project is Dr Milena Papi}-Obradovi}, doctor of medical science and gynecology and obstetrics specialist.

Complete edition DVD/VHS “Exercises for pregnant women” with handbook “Guide trough pregnancy” since 01.06.2004, could be found in bookstores in Knez Mihajlova street and in larger pharmacy and either on PAPIĆ KLINIKA.

ROUTINE TESTS

WHY excessive weight gain could be a sign of diabetes or water retention (which may indicate pre-eclampsia, a condition that can be fatal if left untreated). The average weight gain in pregnancy is 10-15kg. WHEN every appointment, although many places don’t weight as they feel it is of limited value.

HEIGHT TEST

WHY it gives a rough guide to the size of your pelvis. If it is small you may need to discuss delivery options with your doctor or midwife.

WHEN - first appointment.

CHECKING YOUR LEGS & HANDS

WHY legs will be checked for varicose veins, hands and ankles for puffiness or swelling (oedema). Although some swelling is normal, if it is more pronounced it could be a warning sign of pre-eclampsia.

WHEN - every visit.

BLOOD PRESURE TEST

WHY check for high blood pressure, a sign of pre-eclampsia.

WHEN - every appointment.

URINE TEST

WHY check for protein (a sign of pre-eclampsia) and glucose (a sign of diabetes).

WHEN - every appointment.

BLOOD TEST

WHY the blood test at your first appointment checks for anemia, hepatitis B, syphilis, your blood group and your immunity to rubella (German measles). Rubella in early pregnancy can seriously damage your baby. It will also show whether you are rhesus positive or negative. If you are negative, you may need an injection after birth to prevent subsequent children suffering from anemia. Later blood tests check only for anemia.

WHEN - first appointment, then at 28 and 36 weeks.

FETAL HEARTBEAT TEST

WHY to check your baby is OK.

WHY  IS  THAT  IMPORTANT  TO CHECK
  COMPLETE  BLOOD  COUNT

The average adult has about five liters of blood living inside of their body, coursing through their vessels, delivering essential elements, and removing harmful wastes. Without blood, the human body would stop working. Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide from body tissue to the lungs. Blood is the fluid of growth, transporting nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body. Blood is the fluid of health, transporting disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys.

Because it contains living cells, blood is alive. Red blood cells and white blood cells are responsible for nourishing and cleansing the body. Since the cells are alive, they too need nourishment. Vitamins and Minerals keep the blood healthy. The blood cells have a definite life cycle, just as all living organisms do.

White blood cells also known as leucocytes are cells produced in bone marrow and fight infection in the body. An elevated count usually indicates some type of infection. A low count number mean that a disease process has affected the bone marrow’s ability to produce white blood cells.

Red blood cells also known as erythrocytes are cells responsible for delivering oxygen throughout the body.

Approximately 55 percent of blood is plasma, a straw-colored clear liquid. The liquid plasma carries the solid cells and the platelets which help blood clot. Without blood platelets, you would bleed to death. Because new blood is always being made inside of your bones, the body can replace the lost blood. When the human body loses a lot of blood through a major wound, that blood has to be replaced through a blood transfusion from other people.

But everybody's blood is not the same. There are four different blood types. Plus, your blood has Rh factors which make it even more unique. Blood received through a transfusion must match your own.

NEUTROFILNI  EOZINOFILNI  i MONOCITI -

SCANS & TESTS

You will be offered several scans and tests throughout your pregnancy (although you don’t have any). You may be offered additional ones because of your age, where you live, or your estimated risk of having a child with abnormalities.

You can also request additional tests yourself, although you may have to pay for them

TYPES OF TEST

There are two types of test: screening and diagnostic. Screening test give you a statistical percentage risk of having baby with abnormalities. Diagnostic tests are more invasive but give you a definite answer.

SCREENING TESTS

EARLY SCAN

LOOKS FOR ectopic pregnancy, or the reason for early bleednig and pain.

HOW - ultrasound scan. WHEN 6+ weeks. RISK none. ROUTINE? No. For women with a history of miscarriage/ectopic pregnancy, who have pain or bleeding or fertility treatment.

DATING SCAN

LOOKS FOR size of baby to determine due date. HOW ultrasound  scan. WHEN 12 weeks. RISK none. ROUTINE? Yes.

NUCHAL FOLD

LOOKS FOR risk of Down’s Syndrome. HOW ultrasound scan where fluid at the back of the baby neck is measured. If the risk is more than one in 250 a diagnostic test will usually be offered. WHEN 11-13 weeks. RISK none. ROUTINE? In some parts of UK.

COMBINED TEST

LOOKS FOR risk of Down’s Syndrome. HOW combination of nuchal scan measurement and blood test, which measures concentration of serum pregnancy –associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). These are added to the mother’s age and a risk rating is obtained. If the risk is more than one in 250 a diagnostic test is usually offered. WHEN 11-13 weeks. RISKS none. ROUTINE? No.

FETAL ABNORMALITY SCAN

LOOKS FOR abnormalities of organs, spine, brain, limbs and palate, plus indications of chromosomal abnormalities. Checks baby growth. HOW ultrasound scan. WHEN 20 weeks. RISK none. ROUTINE? Yes.

DOUBLE/TRIPLE/QUAD TESTS

(Maternal serum screening)

LOOKS FOR risk of Down’s and neural tube defects such as spina bifida or anencephaly. HOW blood taken form mother and screened for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and other markers that indicate increased risk of Down’s. The quadruple test (which measures AFP and three other markers) is the most advanced. When combined with the mother’s age, a risk rating is obtained. Women with a risk greater than one in 250 are usually offered amniocenthesis. WHEN 16-18 weeks. RISKS none.

ROUTINE? Offered by many hospitals, but not all. Some offer only to women over 35/40.

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

CVS (CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING)

LOOKS FOR chromosome abnormalities-Down’s, Turner’s or Edwards’ Syndromes. HOW a fine needle is passed through abdomen into your womb and cells from the placenta are extracted. WHEN 11-13 weeks. RISKS miscarriage risk about one percent. ROUTINE? No. Offered if you are deemed to be at high risk of chromosome abnormalities (i.e. blood test or nuchal scan show increased risk) or if you are over 40.

AMNIOCENTESIS

LOOKS FOR chormosome abnormalities-Down’s, Turner’s or Edward’s Syndromes. Also neural tube defects, such as spina bifida or anencephaly. HOW fine needle passed through your abdomen into the womb and a sample of amniotic fluid taken. Results take up four weeks because cells have to be grown. WHEN 14-20 weeks. RISK miscarriage risk around one per cent. You also face the possibility of a late termination (around 20 weeks). ROUTINE? No. Offered if you are deemed to be at high risk of chromosome abnormalities (i.e. blood test or nuchal csan show increased risk) or if you are over 40.

Read more, click HERE

AMNIO Q-PCR AMNIO+FISH

LOOKS FOR

Chromosome abnormalities-Down’s, Turner’s or Edwards syndromes. HOW as in amniocentesis, a fine needle is passed trough your abdomen into the womb and a sample of amniotic fluid is taken. The result take two to seven days. WHEN 14-20 weeks. RISKS miscarriage risk around one per cent. ROUTINE? No. Only a few hospitals offer this, but many have access to facilities so tests can often be arranged and paid for on a private basis.

OTHER TESTS

HIV if you think you may have been at risk of contacting HIV in the past you may want to talk to your doctor or midwife about a blood test for HIV and counseling. If you do have HIV, there is a risk of around 15 per cent that your baby will contract it, but treatment may reduce the risk.

SIKLE CELL ANAEMIA & THALASSAEMIA sikle cell anaemia is blood condition affecting people from Africa, the Caribbean, the eastern Mediterranean, Midle East and Asia. Thalassaemia is another blood condition that affects mainly people of Mediteranian and Asian origin. If you, your patrner or either of your parents come from these regions you will probably be offered blood testing to check whether you are carrier. If one of you is, it is unlikely to affect your child. But if you are both carriers, or either of you have the disease itself, you should discuss the implications with your doctor or midwife.

BIOPSIJA HORIONSKIH ČUPICA
Read more, click here

***

PREPARATION FOR BIRTH

Psyho-physiological preparation for birth has purpose to make pregnant women prepared for birth without fear, but it has not guaranty birth without pain. Aim is to prepare women to cooperate with doctor and nurse during birth. Thakind prepared women knows whether is expected to make some efforts by her own, depending of exact birth phase.
Preparation includes physical and theoretical part.
Physical part includes exact exercises attained for those muscles important for birth.
Psychical part introduce to pregnant woman every step of birth, removing their fear and making them well known with every necessary phase.
They should be well known how to bread during every paticular phase of birth under strict control provided by obstetrician.
Regular breading during birth decreases pain, psychological tension, provides baby with enough oxygen. Thakind prepared women goes trough birth very easy and presents best subject for obstetricians.
Psychophysical preparation includes exercises two time by week, or before birth even tree times by week in order to make certain that is preparation well done.
Preparation starts with fifth month in pregnancy. That exercises could underwent only pregnant women recommended by obstetrician.

COLOR DOPPLER

Doppler ultrasound is a technique for making non-invasive velocity measurements of blood flow. Christian Doppler was the first to describe the frequency shift that occurs when sound or light is emitted from a moving source and the effect now bears his name.
Color Doppler ultrasound (also referred to as color flow ultrasound) is a technique for visualising the velocity of blood within an image plane. The way in which the frequency shifts are encoded is defined by the color bar located to the left of the image. Positive Doppler shifts, caused by blood moving towards the transducer, are encoded as red and negative shifts are encoded as blue. Color Doppler images are updated several times per second, thus allowing the flowing blood to be easily visualised.

The doppler shift principle has been used for a long time in fetal heart rate detectors. Further developments in doppler ultrasound technology in recent years have enabled a great expansion in it's application in Obstetrics, particularly in the area of assessing and monitoring the well-being of the fetus. Doppler ultrasound is presently most widely employed in the detection of fetal cardiac pulsations and pulsations in the various fetal blood vessels.'Color' doppler is particularly indispensible in the diagnosis and assessment of pregnancy.